Rabindranath Tagore Essays

Rabindranath Tagore Essays Rabindranath Tagore Essay Rabindranath Tagore Essay Tagore being a functioning legislator of his age has composed various artistic deals with his belief systems about the social, monetary, and political circumstance of India. He looks for the re-foundation and remaking of the old thoughts and philosophies and looks for new ones as well.Tagore was not sharp for the fulfillment of political opportunity. He accepted that except if there isn't an atmasakti in us, we can't be deserving of opportunity. Tagore accepted that profound freedom was an indispensable part in the accomplishment of political and social freedom. Accentuating on this thought of atmasakti, he said that so as to recover atmasakti, recovery of provincial society was basic. He put forth an attempt in framing a rustic culture where there will be a social progressive system and at the head of the chain of command, there will be a Samajpati through whom the individuals would have the option to keep in touch with everyone in the public eye. He said that recovery of provincial society was conceivable by empowering yatras, people melodies and arranging town fairs. We can see that he builds up this thought in his play, The Post-office. Here he presents a perfect town situation where the King is the Samajpati through whom the residents are associated. He needed independence of the towns like bygone eras. However, his endeavors bombed in shaping this sort of a society.Defending his concept of a progressive state he shows in his play, The King and the Queen, the thoughtful Queen in the end defies the insensitivity of state strategy toward the hungry. She starts by inquisitive about the revolting sounds outside the royal residence, just to be informed that the commotion is originating from the coarse, loud group who wail unashamedly for food and upset the sweet tranquility of the royal residence. The Vice magnificent office in India could have taken a likewise unfeeling perspective on Indian starvations, straight up to the effectively preventable Bengal starva tion of 1943, not long before freedom, which slaughtered somewhere in the range of two and 3,000,000 individuals. Be that as it may, an administration in a multi-party popular government, with races and free papers, can't any more drawn out excuse the commotion from the coarse, rambunctious crowd.Occasionally Tagore partook in the thoughts of the Bengal Provincial Conference held every year since 1890 with his young nephews and anticipated that the pioneers should talk in Bengali as opposed to English. He demanded that the Englishman in India was an outer actuality and that the nation was the most genuine and complete truth: Try to develop your nation by your own quality since acknowledgment gets total through creation. Thus, Tagore pushed that we can possibly understand our own self in the nation on the off chance that we look to make the nation we wish to live in by our idea, our movement and our administration. He scrutinizes the character of the King, as he is squandering the co untrys potential by his absence of assurance and flippant mentality. Tagore avows that a country is the production of the psyche and that is the reason the spirit acknowledges itself on its own involvement with the homeland (as the King doesn't go to the board house or the avenues of his realm he doesn't understanding and see the staggering states of his nation). Tagore accepted the nation would achieve a type of salvation just when the entirety of its parts throbbed with enthusiasm for the recuperation of the homeland (the Kings realm, in The Lovers Gift, couldn't accomplish salvation as the administration officials were degenerate). Consequently, Tagores strategy for freedom was an inner and a scholarly development which he needed to present.The word outsider in the main demonstration of, The Lovers Gift is an aberrant reference to the Britishers; the King in the primary demonstration says, Banish all the remote burglars from my realm this second. This is Tagores voice to oust the Britishers from the subcontinent. He needs them expelled, however he additionally states through the play that until and except if the countrys pioneers and the residents don't have that atmasakti then this opportunity from the Britishers is pointless, (as the King himself would not most likely end up being a decent pioneer in any event, when the outsiders would be ousted.) Instilling national pride, he accepted that India must acquire her opportunity. The job of the pioneer in a state is very important.Tagores enthusiasm for opportunity underlies his firm restriction to unreasoned conventionalism, which makes one a detainee of the past. He solidly disliked autocracy and dominion which the Mughals and the British Raj spoke to, by depicting the indiscreet and reckless King in the play, The Lovers Gift.In December 1903 the administration chose the segment of Bengal. The Bengali Muslims invited the proposition while the Bengali Hindus profoundly restricted the thought and fought back. Thus, Amritsar slaughter of April 13, 1919, occurred in which 379 unarmed individuals at a tranquil gathering were gunned somewhere near the military, and 2,000 more were injured. Tagore firmly disliked the possibility of discipline, so he composed a letter to the Viceroy of India, soliciting to be alleviated from the knighthood he had acknowledged four years sooner. Alluding this to the play, The Lovers Gift, we see that the King by assaulting Kashmir is in a roundabout way rebuffing Queen for leaving him not understanding the extreme outcomes that the individuals would face.Tagore builds up another political thought with its attention on individual and humanistic methodology towards the set thoughts. The tale Gora embodies Tagores vision of new, syncrestic India, transcending the contemplations of station, network and race. The character Gora is a resolute Hindu and an adherent to (patriotism with its accentuation on sense of pride and safeguarding of convention). He centers arou nd Goras procedure of self-acknowledgment and a change from a patriot to an internationalist. Gora ventures himself as a genuine Indian to whom neither station nor race nor nationality can restrain. He is appeared as an image of the rising patriotism of the twentieth century.Rabindranath opposed the emphatically patriot structure that the freedom development regularly took ceased him from taking an especially dynamic part in contemporary governmental issues. He needed to declare Indias option to be autonomous without preventing the significance from claiming what India could realize, unreservedly and beneficially from abroad.I welcomed masterminds and researchers from remote terrains to tell our young men that it is so natural to understand our basic partnership, when we manage the individuals who are extraordinary, and that it is the weak who with their insignificant vanities set up boundaries among man and man. (Rabindranath Tagore 1929).He needed Indians to realize what is happen ing somewhere else, how others lived, what they esteemed, etc, while staying intrigued and associated with their own way of life and legacy. In contrast to Gandhi, Tagore didn't detest the advancement of current enterprises in India, or the quickening of specialized advancement. Tagore was worried that individuals not be overwhelmed by machines, however he was not restricted to utilizing current technology.Tagores analysis on nationalism is a tireless topic in his works. He accepted nationalism can confine both the opportunity to connect with thoughts from outside thin local dividers and the opportunity likewise to help the reasons for individuals in different nations. As ahead of schedule as 1908, he put this in a letter answering to the analysis of Abala Bose, the spouse of an incredible Indian researcher, Jagadish Chandra Bose: Patriotism can't be our last profound asylum; my shelter is humankind. I won't accepting glass at the cost of precious stones, and I will never permit nat ionalism to triumph over humankind as long as I live. Tagore presents this thought through the character of Kumarsen in the play, The Lovers Gift; he gave up to King Vikram for the sake of enthusiasm yet the truth of the matter is that the situation of his kin continues as before, they will be enslaved by the Kings armed force at any rate his penance is useless.He needs another sort of authority which is genuine, stately and not needy. Tagore presses for more space for thinking, and for a less conventionalist see, a more noteworthy enthusiasm for the remainder of the world, and more regard for science and for objectivity for the most part. In his play, The Lovers Gift, Tagore ridicules such political pioneers who for their own egotistical reasons misuse the entire country. He has drawn a cartoon out of the Kings character to demonstrate a complexity to the character Kumarsen; the King turns into a foil for Kumarsen. Kumarsen shows outrageous energy by giving up his life for his kin and his people groups regard for him was exceptional to the point that they attempted to conceal him realizing that teir lives were in question. Here, Tagore additionally presents that political pioneers, similar to the King, are simply squandering the countrys potential by squandering it on inconsequential words and means which are neither pragmatic nor favorable. Tagores thwarted expectation with contemporary Indian legislative issues discovered articulation in the accompanying sonnet of Kadi O Komol:Tell me not to sing kindly do notAre we collected here to look for modest popularity, to getApplause by weaving unimportant words,To spend the late evening expressing unscrupulous speechesAnd gaining bogus fame?Who will wake up today and dive into action?Who needs to clear out our Mothers shame?Tagore had a set idea of Indian womanhood. He restored and re-avows the condition of lady as per the old thoughts. He accepted that a womans space contrasts from that of a man that is the reaso n her job in legislative issues is constrained. He objected to the way that little youngsters were holding guns slaughtered or attempted to murder the British directors. He told Dillip Kumar Roy;I don't believe that lady stands to pick up over the long haul by hurrying out away from any detectable hindrance as an individual scabbler of her mate for similar shrubs She would never be at home in the circle of manly crude activities.In his play The Lovers Gift

Age of enlightment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Period of enlightment - Essay Example The second treatise of neighborhood government The writer in this article passes on that man essentially is free and has no commitment to expose to anybody’s will. He disregards the possibility of government and the discipline forced by strict concepts.The creator recommends that person having a place with same animal categories ought not be exposed to separation and subjection yet to approach opportunity. Adam smith †Wealth of countries The writer in this book clarifies about the feudalism and beurecracy existed during the mechanical upheaval of Europe. He cherished that feudalism spreading in Europe could obstruct the mechanical development and no one but thing could spare it is communism. He accepts that improvement is because of the specialization of work and this just can give material prosperity. He makes reference to that self esteem is the purpose behind success in man which is a nature just found in people. He guarantees that market is where singular co - works w ith one another and where the abilities of people are shared for material advantage. His hypothesis says that the estimation of a thing sold in a market is the extent of work put really taking shape o f it and brought into the market. Correlation of Locke and Adam hypothesis The comparability in both Locke and Adam’s recommendation is that both trust in the human privileges of individuals. They put stock in the work of the individuals and the worth appended to it and right connected to it. Both these creators were on the side of the workers and working men. Both the creators talk about the separation of government towards poor people and penniless. The two of them talk about property of nature and the law of nature. Locke proposes that â€Å"Adam and Eve, and after them all guardians were, by the law of nature, under a commitment to safeguard, support and instruct the youngsters, they had begotten†. As it were, both kindness communism and equivalent dissemination of in tensity, property and option to individuals. They request that it in common state, individuals reserve the privilege to do what they needed to and regardless ought not be exposed to servitude. Regular freedom was focal subject to both of their composition. Locke asserts that the legislature is framed so as to secure the property and Adam smith additionally discusses work and property that is abundance of country. Both the creators have confidence in a market which works unreservedly and with no segregation. Smith accepted that society worked in an industrialist way and for the most part needs to abuse the workers and common laborers. Smith makes reference to that â€Å"There is no workmanship which one government sooner learns of another than that of emptying cash out of the pockets of the people†. Smith asserts that property is the exertion of regular workers and same is said by Locks that property is work blended in with an article. Them two stress less on an administration who ignore human rights and interests of basic men. Complexity among Locke and Smith hypothesis Locke mostly examine about a network where people have free intrigue and procured normal opportunity. He mostly centers around human rights and property .On the other hand Adam Smith centers around work and its worth and on the division of work. As indicated by Smith â€Å"In general, if any part of exchange, or any division of work, be worthwhile to the general population, the more liberated and progressively broad the opposition, it will consistently be the more so†. Locke for the most part makes reference to about the Government and their injurious method of administering the individuals. As indicated by Locke â€Å"The assembly acts against the trust rested in them, when they try to attack the property of the subject, and to make themselves, or any piece of the network, aces, or discretionary disposers of the lives, freedoms or fortunes of the people† He guarantees that as opposed to speaking to the individuals, government speak to

Male Domination In Othello Essays

Male Domination In Othello Essays Male Domination In Othello Paper Male Domination In Othello Paper Male mastery in the public arena is a shame, which has consistently existed, and one that may not stop to exist. Be that as it may, the distinction exists in the manner in which the ladies of the various ages decided to acknowledge such conduct and render themselves survivors of such situation. Corresponding to the Elizabethan time frame, and having the characters of Desdemona, Emilia, and Bianca at the top of the priority list it tends to be consistent with state it might have been more diligently for them not to acknowledge it than it is today. In all actuality, it was not seen by a portion of the ladies and for the rare sorts of people who saw it, they could do simply tolerating it as their destiny and attempting to live with it. In talking about the exploitation of the above named ladies in this male ruled society, the two sides of the contention for each character would be investigated with accentuation on their individual battles for autonomy. The reasonable warrior Desdemona as alluded to by her better half Othello without a doubt battles all through the play. From her battle for autonomy from her dad Brabantio, to the battle for her life from her significant other Othello. Shakespeare appears to beguile the crowd to imagine that Desdemona might be one of his special female characters who battle for the privileges of ladies. Notwithstanding, this force which we see her have toward the start of the play as she discloses to her dad that she loved the field to live with him, to the ones which has been invested on her as she is alluded to as the general step by step blurs away. The main sign of Desdemonas exploitation in this male ruled society is apparent when Iago alludes to her body as though it was the property of Brabantio. He says to him your heart is blasted, you have lost a large portion of your spirit, even now, presently, extremely now an old dark slam is tupping your white ewe. This means in the Elizabethan culture, Brabantio like different dads considered Desdemonas body and life to be their full belonging. Moreover, the utilization of a creature symbolism to depict her white ewe doesn't just reflect Iagos underestimation of human instinct however the debasement of ladies in the general public by men. This is obviously the situation for the way that he could express it while conversing with her dad. Desdemona then again, as pretty much every other lady in the Elizabethan time frame appears to have acknowledged the show that ladies are mediocre compared to men and are the properties of either her dad or spouse. This is indicated when she says I do see here an isolated obligation. I am up to this point your little girl. Be that as it may, heres my better half. The crowd would at first respect her boldness towards her dad, yet in the wake of getting a more profound comprehension of the plot, it becomes obvious that her union with Othello was not an indication of opportunity yet rather a change starting with one dominator then onto the next. Desdemonas enduring and mortification in Cyprus is profoundly established in the awful activities of another man called Iago. Iago persuades Othello that Desdemona is making him a cuckold by laying down with Cassio. She experiences this deceitful incrimination since it is a world ruled by men. It is conceivable that Othello takes Iagos words over that of Desdemona not on the grounds that he is genuinely persuaded that she is unfaithful, but since it is an expression of a man over that of a lady. Desdemona simply like Hero in the play Much Ado about Nothing shows complete accommodation even at the purpose of death. Much in the wake of accepting an exceptionally undeserving slap from Othello openly, all she says is I won't remain to irritate you. Now, the ladies in the crowd may feel progressively humiliated and less thoughtful at the hesitancy of Desdemona. Desdemona voices out her torments through the willow melody that she describes to Emilia. Her reference to her moms house cleaner called Barbary who kicked the bucket singing it means her own agony and enduring as well as one that has been passed down from age to age. Notwithstanding Desdemonas inevitable destruction as she bites the dust in the hands of Othello, she deserves some acknowledgment for a portion of her couple of demonstrations of boldness. Her disobedience to her dad is a demonstration that might not have been extremely normal during the Elizabethan time frame in light of the fact that the dads reserved the option to teach them when they regarded it fit and essentially had control over them. She didn't just get hitched out of her dads will yet she wedded an African. This would have been amazingly uncommon particularly for somebody of her social class. At long last, as she passes out her last reaction to Emilia when being asked who slaughtered her I myself demonstrates her refusal to acknowledge to be a casualty of this male overwhelmed society. Emilia is utilized by Shakespeare to adjust the differentiation between different casualties of this male predominance. That is, Desdemona the exceptionally modest one and Bianca the whore. Emilia is one character who isn't only a survivor of this male commanded society however is plainly mindful of her position. This is demonstrated plainly in her relationship and mentality towards her better half Iago and her discussion with Desdemona. Emilias marriage is one we see to do not have a portion of the principle parts of sacred marriage, as Iago is neither defensive nor wanting to her. The couple of discoursed that she has with Iago are loaded up with contempt and put-down. He says to her it is a typical thing to have a stupid spouse, This shows the guidelines which the men gave their wives. The utilization of Emilia by Iago as an instrument for crushing Desdemonas marriage and in the end her passing is the pinnacle of her exploitation. This is on the grounds that it is one thing that she would successfully stop. Her urgency for consideration and fondness from Iago may have pushed her to demonstration indiscriminately. On taking the tissue, she says my wayward spouse hath a hundred times charmed me to take it. I know nothing than to satisfy his dream Her language is for the most part in a furious tone and underneath it lies her lament at marriage and all the abuse that accompany it. Because of Othellos abuse of Desdemona she says I will be hanged if some interminable reprobate, some occupied and implying maverick, some cogging, cozening slave to get some office have not formulated this criticism. It appears as though she thinks that its worthy for her to be deceived yet not an in blameless and benevolent individual like Desdemona. Like Beatrice in Shakespeares Much Ado about nothing, Emilia legitimizes the case for the ladies who are engaged with extra conjugal issues. This is plainly appeared in her discourse while examining with Desdemona. Pundits have considered this discourse the renaissance request to womens freedom. In this discourse, she says it is the spouses issue that their wives undermine them. She methodicallly calls attention to every one of the things which the ladies need to experience. From when spouses slack their obligations by pouring our fortunes in remote laps, break out in bad tempered jealousies, tossing limitation upon us or when they strike us. This female discourse resembles a shout out for all ladies and one can envision the help and joy, which it would have given the ladies in the crowd. Through this Shakespeare shows compassion for the ladies. He likewise by implication alerts the men in the crowd and reveals to them that the ladies have as much explanation as they do to undermine them. It is no mix-up that Emilia , like her fancy woman is murdered by her significant other. Shakespeare stresses the point that they are survivors of this male overwhelmed society by comparing their demises. Preceding Emilias demise, she guarantees that she talks guards Desdemonas virtue and recaptures her nobility by presenting Cassio to Othello. She says I will talk as liberal as the north;let Heaven and the men and fallen angels, let them all cry disgrace against me yet I will talk. The utilization of the word men just among Heaven and demon recommends that a portion of the men like Cassio and lodovico may have paradise like characters while others like Iago and Othello may act malicious. Bianca is by all accounts to a lesser extent a to a lesser extent a casualty in this general public whenever contrasted with Emilia and Desdemona. Toward the finish of the plot, she is the last lady having and the potentials for success are that her status would be raised in the general public if all works out positively in her relationship with Cassio. Despite the fact that it tends to be said that her calling gives her a greater number of put-down than Emilia and Desdemona would have ever gotten. Nonetheless, it is out of line to expect that it would be a womans want to sell her body and pride for cash. Hence, we can say that she is constrained into this situation. In a general public where men considered ladies to be just instruments of fulfilling their real joys, prostitution was one of the edgy estimates which the less favored ladies would need to take up. This creates affronts from the men as well as from her kindred lady. Emilia says to her O fie upon thee prostitute! Her answer to this announcement picks up the compassion of the crowd as it demonstrates her battle to be labeled as something past what she does. She says to her I am no whore, however of life as genuine as you that consequently misuse me. On a more profound note, this may likewise be an affirmation of Iagos doubt that Emilia may have had an illicit relationship with Othello. Bianca likewise has her season of insubordination when she advises Cassio if youll come to dinner tonight,you may;if you won't, come when you are next arranged for. In this announcement, she shows that she sees a little force left in her ownership paying little heed to how she is taken a gander at in the general public. Cassios exit to pursue her accentuates this point. Also, this may make the crowd take a gander at her with somewhat more regard. Eventually, Shakespeare uncovered the conditions which the ladies in the Elizabethan time frame faces and furthermore presents it in a manner which demonstrates his resistance to it. Moreover, his utilization of these three characters who are of various social st

Global Financing and Exchange Rate

Worldwide Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms March 07, 2009 Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms Hard monetary forms are a money, as a rule from a profoundly industrialized nation, that is broadly acknowledged the world over as a type of installment for merchandise and enterprises. A hard cash is required to remain moderately stable through a brief timeframe, and to be profoundly fluid in the forex showcase (Investopedia, 2009). The forex showcase is the biggest, most fluid market on the planet with a normal exchanged worth that surpasses $1. 9 trillion every day and remembers the entirety of the monetary forms for the world. There is no focal commercial center for cash trade; exchange is led over the counter. The forex showcase is open 24 hours per day, five days per week, and monetary forms are exchanged worldwide among the major money related focuses of London, New York, Tokyo, Zurich, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Singapore, Paris and Sydney (Investopedia, 2009). Another basis for a hard cash is that the money must originate from a strategically and financially stable nation. The U. S. dollar and the British pound are genuine instances of hard monetary forms (Investopedia, 2009). Delicate cash is another name for â€Å"weak currency†. The estimations of delicate monetary standards vacillate frequently, and different nations would prefer not to hold these monetary forms because of political or financial vulnerability inside the nation with the delicate money. Monetary forms from most creating nations are viewed as delicate monetary forms. Frequently, governments from these creating nations will set ridiculously high trade rates, pegging their cash to a money, for example, the U. S. dollar (Investopedia, 2009). Hard Currency is utilized in worldwide financing tasks by created countries. Hard cash is handily exchanged and dealt all through the world. Utilizing hard money guarantees that there is an in any event, playing field for all gatherings in the exchange. Hard money is significant in overseeing dangers on the grounds that â€Å"a organization can counter an up and coming debasement by accelerating assortments of receivables, deferring bill paying, and changing over money into hard currency† (Feist, Helly, and Lu, 1999) . Another way that hard money oversees dangers is by using or embracing it, it is most drastically averse to be a factor in the loss of assets. World associations which contribute universally face the possibility of vulnerability in the profits after they convert the outside recovers to their own money. In contrast to the past when most U. S. financial specialists overlooked global contributing other options, speculators today should perceive and comprehend conversion scale chance, which can be characterized as the changeability in returns on protections brought about by cash variances. Conversion scale hazard is in some cases called cash chance. This hazard is valid for the countries too. For instance if a money is free-skimming, its conversion scale is permitted to differ against that of different monetary standards. Trade rates for such monetary forms are probably going to change continually as cited on money related markets, fundamentally by banks, far and wide. This can prompt part of theory and furthermore misfortunes particularly for frail economies. In addition financial specialists for the most part favor hard monetary standards to delicate monetary forms on occasion of expanded expansion (or all the more decisively expanded swelling differentials between nations), now and again of uplifted political or military hazard, or when they feel that at least one government-forced trade rates are unreasonable. Now and again, an economy may decide to desert neighborhood cash through and through and receive a hard money as lawful delicate. Models remember the reception for Ecuador and Panama of the US dollar, and the appropriation in Kosovo and Montenegro of first the German imprint and later the euro. â€Å"Countries open to capital streams can receive a wide scope of courses of action, from free drifting to an assortment of creeping pegs with expansive groups around them (under which the focal swapping scale is regularly and imperceptibly balanced), just as exceptionally hard pegs supported by approach duties, for example, money sheets, dollarization (or, all the more for the most part, the appropriation of another remote cash as lawful delicate), or enrollment in a money union† (Finance and Development, 2001). Hard pegs are characterized as â€Å"In financial matters, an arrangement wherein the specialists demand some perpetual, exact assurance of the estimation of the nearby money to some other thing: a unit proportion of gold, the US dollar, the euro, or the pound. Truly, the US dollar had a hard peg to gold from 1946 to 1971, while different monetary standards in the created world had a hard peg to the US dollar. Since 1971, the majority of the world's cash is in drifting money (whose relative worth is set by the free market)† (Urban Dictionary). A coasting cash is â€Å"A money whose worth is set by the money markets; cash whose swapping scale comparative with different monetary standards is resolved predominantly or altogether by unlimited exchanging the cash. Most monetary standards are filthy buoy |dirty glides, which implies that the administration giving them endeavors to deal with their exchanged worth some way; or, more than likely hard peg |hard pegs, in which the worth is attached to something explicit. At the point when a cash is drifting, at that point its worth may rise on the grounds that the province is running an exchange overflow, or it is running a capital record excess. Skimming monetary standards are not fiat cash, in spite of the fact that they are frequently mistaken for each other† (Urban Dictionary). At times the US dollar is viewed as fiat cash since it is regarded â€Å"money that (a) gets its worth completely from the order of the administration, and (b) can't be uninhibitedly exchanged. Fiat cash isn't a similar thing as skimming money, supposing that a coasting cash is characteristically useless then its absence of worth will be reflected in the forex markets. Fiat cash, then again, doesn't require a trained money related of monetary arrangement with respect to the giving specialists; trade rates are fixed by declaration, which implies the state additionally controls supplies of hard (outside) currency† (Urban Dictionary). â€Å"Times change, and a cash that is viewed as powerless at one time may get more grounded, and saw as a hard money later on. For instance, the pound real was considered fundamentally powerless and obligated to devalue (in genuine terms) for a significant part of the post World War II period; presently it is considered to have restored financial and money related sufficiency and to be solid. The U. S. dollar (USD) has been viewed as a solid cash as of late, and critically a place of refuge in the midst of worldwide strain or war, yet the USA has huge monetary and exchange deficiencies and an uncertain issue that numerous Asian monetary forms are pegged to the dollar and in this way don't acknowledge as their exchange surpluses with the USA develop; a few reporters accept that these contemplations suggest that the U. S. dollar will presently enter a time of shortcoming, particularly that there are signs that China might be loosening up the rate at which the yuan is pegged to the dollar† (Answers, 2007). Delicate Currency is utilized in worldwide tasks by immature or insecure countries. Delicate money is additionally utilized as nearby cash like the Mexican peso. Delicate cash is significant in overseeing dangers since it is an admonition for organizations to take proactive measures to diminish money trade misfortunes. Delicate pegs may lead hypothesis, which can be exorbitant in industrialized nations, yet are as often as possible destructive to developing business sector nations, as in Latin America (Mexico and Ecuador), East Asia (Thailand, Korea, and Indonesia) and Turkey. The breakdown of delicate pegs in developing business sector nations is as harming as it is on the grounds that their obligation structure is commonly present moment and is designated in remote cash. Consequently a fruitful theoretical assault prompts a sharp crumbling in monetary records, which thusly prompts a money related emergency. Hard pegs might be attractive, especially in nations whose political and financial organizations are particularly frail; they can used to balance out the economy. Be that as it may, hard pegs won't be fruitful in advancing a solid economy except if government arrangements make the privilege institutional condition. Along these lines Pegging has commonly been an approach to validate the estimation of a neighborhood money against the world's convertible monetary standards and to settle the swapping scale. References Investopedia, (http://www. investopedia. com/terms/s/softcurrency. asp) Feist, William R. , Heely, James A. , and Lu, Min H. (1999). Dealing with A Global Enterprise. , Greenwood Publishing Group. Global Financial Management by Madhu vij Finance and Development, (http://www. imf. organization/outside/bars/ft/fandd/2001/06/fischer. htm) Urban Dictionary, (http://www. urbandictionary. com/characterize. php? term=hard%20peg)

Geopolitical and Contemporary Perspective

Question: Talk about the Geopolitical and Contemporary Perspective. Answer: Presentation: As in different regions in Europe, the Roman Empire was a definitive force during the early AD years, against which the individuals outside their fringes characterized themselves. The majority of the composed realities about the historical backdrop of Scandinavia start from 600AD, and that proof gathered of their history originate from contemporary journalists or archeological antiques. The absence of composed proof doesn't reduce the animating past of the Scandinavians. Swedish paleontologist Oscar Montelius named the time of Iron Age in Scandinavia, Northern Germany and the Netherlands as the Roman Iron Age. The name starts from the hold that the Roman Empire had started to apply on the Germanic clans of Northern Europe. Thusly, the first piece of the Iron Age is known as the Pre-Roman Iron Age, which had ended up being out of the Nordic Bronze Age. The age that took after the Roman Iron Age is known as the Germanic Iron Age or the Age of Migrations[1]. As a significant marker in the European history,the 9 AD is recognized just like the time of the halting of Roman extension endeavors in the north by the Teoteburg backwoods in North-West Germany. In 61 AD, Boudicca, the Celtic sovereign from Norfolk, England, effectively defied the Romans and made the Roman misfortunes legendary.The gossipy tidbits about the Roman annihilations effectively passed on one critical message: the Romans are defeatable. This circumstance supported Scandinavian movements and military crusades southwards, an affinity that stretched out from the fourth century AD onwards. Most by a wide margin of the Germanic clans insinuated the Romans considered themselves to be family members from Scandinavia who stayed in contact with their genealogical homes. In Scandinavia, there was a unique import of things, for example, coins (more than 7,000), vessels, bronze pictures, estimating glasses, enameled gets, weapons, and so on. Besides, the design of metal things and so il vessels were especially Roman. Through the fifth century and sixth century, gold and silver wind up being continuously normal. This time saw the scour of the Roman Empire by the Germanic clans, by which different Scandinavians came back with gold and silver[2]. The Scandinavian-Germanic movements amidst the late Roman Iron Age were the consequences of destitution at home. Fossil science has invalidated this completely. Indeed, Scandinavia amidst the third and fourth quite a while AD was a constantly agreeable spot, with an anomalous condition of riches, political association and moved headway especially weapon improvement and with solid and beginning at now, old connections to the landscape. Graves have been discovered indicating that some Norwegian fourth century AD warriors served immovably in the Roman equipped oblige and so forth, not out of need yet somewhat because of interest and brave outlooks. Some found the opportunity to be indisputably Roman administrators[3]. The most dependable proof of human settlement in Scandinavia is gone back to more than ten-thousand years. These untimely social requests produced a spotless living over the span of seeking after and ascertaining, with some certification of agrarianism in present day Sweden. Practically none is found about the multi year time cross (c. 850 AD to 1050 AD) of the Vikings. The Viking Age (8001050 AD) was portrayed by a significant improvement of activity, for Sweden's situation generally toward east. Different Viking endeavors took off from Sweden to both plunder and work together the length of the Baltic buoy and the courses that increased fundamentally into present-day Russia. The Vikings went like the Black and Caspian Seas, where they made exchanging relationship with the Byzantine Empire and the Arab kingdoms[4]. Put down accounts out of Scandinavia's history come into see with the initiation of Christianity that made its opening amidst the Middle Ages. The fundamental Scandinavian nation to deal with Catholicism, Denmark has chronicled records retreating to 829. In this way, of its property closeness to Western Europe, Denmark demonstrated the way whatever is left of Scandinavia in coordinating its general populace toward an European model. Ruler Margaret, the youngster of the King of Denmark and life accomplice to the King of Norway, made utilization of a Norwegian case to Sweden's respected situation in 1388. Erik, her grandnephew and beneficiary, found the opportunity to be the pioneer of every one of the three countries. Following up on Margret's proposition, he executed a multi year time of political solidarity that apparent Denmark as the political state spot of Scandinavia. Christianity from the outset achieved Sweden with a legation drove by Ansgar, who went there in the ninth centur y, yet the state was not changed over to Christianity till the eleventh century. The various regions of Sweden were held around 1000 AD into a solitary unit; in any case, the crown started to increase colossal impact just amidst the late thirteenth century[5]. Political Developments The crowns of Denmark, Norway and Sweden were participated in 1389 heavily influenced by Margareta, the Danish Queen. The Kalmar Union in 1397 was encircled, with the three Scandinavian nations underneath a solitary ruler. Regardless, the Union (13971523) was set apart by interior contrasts that finished in the 'Stockholm Bloodbath' in 1520, when 80 Swedish nobles were killed at the gesture of the Danish Union ruler, Kristian II. The presentation induced an opposition that in 1521 incited to the assertion of Kristian II and the assault of drive by a Swedish advantaged individual, Gustav Vasa, who was picked the pioneer of Sweden in 1523. Sweden and Norway had been joined under a relative crown on two events: from 1319 to 1343, and quickly from 1449 to 1450 regardless of Sweden and Norway had been joined under a similar crown on two events: from 1319 to 1343, and quickly from 1449 to 1450 rather than Christian of Oldenburg who was picked pioneer of the Kalmar Union by the Danes[6]. In the next decades, all the Scandinavian countries persuaded the chance to be undeniably Protestant. The Swedish and Danish rulers grabbed all the Church domains and this reinforced the riches and effect of the crown. Under their engaging ruler, Gustavus Adolphus (controlled 1611-32), and, taking everything into account, therefore of their triumphs in the Thirty Years War, the Swedes won key territories in the east, and on the southern shores of the Baltic. Consequently as critically, the run of Gustavus Adolphus and the strategies of his staggering minister, Oxenstierna - saw clearing changes that have astoundingly invigorated the country's imperativeness. The prepared urge, sea drive, ordinary association, adjoining government, law courts and getting ready have all been updated, making Sweden the most proficiently run nation in Europe[7]. In June 1397 the parish administrators of Lund and Uppsala given out the obligation to 15-year-old Erik of Pomerania the King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. The made revelation out of the Kalmar Union pass on that each country was to be composed by its specific laws yet was to offer assistance to the others if any of them was ambushed. The three countries assented to be composed by Erik, and his replacements were to be analyzed by his close by family members. If his line evaporated, the consultants from the three realms were to pick an ace adequate to all. A criminal removed by one realm was refused in like way from the other two. Every single past fight were to be disregarded. Be that as it may, the consenting required realness on account of Norway's weakness to sign[8]. In January 1435 the Arboga parliament passed on Engelbrekt Engelbrektson as the ace in Sweden. In any case, in October the Swedish Council articulated their anticipated quality at Halsted if Erik would respect Swedish rights and great conditions. Krister Nilsson Vasa of Viborg was alloted Viceroy (Drots), and Karl Knutsson convinced the opportunity to be Marshal. Erik then made harmony with the Hanseatic League and Holstein. Karl Knutsson drove the Swedish nobles against Engelbrekt, who was executed by Magnus Bengtsson on May 4, 1436. The experts had lost, and the parliaments quit meeting. A Norwegian limit the King began in 1436 and was driven by Amund Sigurdsson Bolt and five remarkable nobles. They ambushed Oslo yet then pulled back. A détente was made on June 23, and the Council met at Tunsberg to advise with the revolt pioneers. They consented to oust every single remote pro by July 29[9]. In Denmark, laborers tested the decency and the administration. The Council regarded Erik's nephew, Duke Kristofer of Bavaria, and promised him the coronets of the three realms. In March 1439 Erik named Nils Stensson Marshal and Commander of the Danish armed force in Sweden, and they blamed Karl Knutsson for shamefulness. In 1438-39 uprisings had placated out up Satakunta, Tavastia, and Karelia in western Finland, where a gigantic piece of the evaluations was amassed. In 1440 Karl disappeared to Finland, and he empowered withdrawal from the Union. Serve Thomas of Strangnas in like way made a piece that depicted Erik's maltreatment and the experience for adaptability drove by Engelbrekt and Karl. In July the Danes removed Erik and picked his nephew Kristofer ace of Denmark. Erik left Denmark to dwell in Gotland. For the going with ten years, he was at Visburg stronghold managing ambushes contrary to the Swedes. Precisely when the Swedes banished him in 1449, he surrendered the mansion to a Danish maritime power brought by Olaf Akselsen Thott and gave up to his Rgenwald house in Pomerania. Denmark, in the interim, has profited by the solid and handy continue running of one of her most outright rulers, Christian IV (1588-1648). He has given cautious idea to the economy, completed many concentrating c

Pat Tillman Foundation Tillman Military Scholars Scholarship Information COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Pat Tillman Foundation Tillman Military Scholars Scholarship Information COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Columbia University has been selected by the Pat Tillman Foundation as a Tillman Military Scholar University Partner for the 2011-2012 academic year. University Partners are chosen to solicit and submit candidates for receipt of the Tillman Military Scholarship through the Pat Tillman Foundation.   This prestigious and selective partnership will enable Columbia University’s student veterans and their eligible dependents to apply for this scholarship. The Pat Tillman Foundation was created in honor of professional football player and military hero Pat Tillman. Tillman played professional football for the Arizona Cardinals from 1998 to 2001 and enlisted in the United States Army in 2002 in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.   Tillman died in Afghanistan as a result of friendly fire in 2004.   The mission of the Pat Tillman Foundation is “to invest in veterans and their families through education and community”. As such, this scholarship not only helps student veterans cover the direct costs of tuition and fees but it also acts as a critical resource for other expenses including housing and child care.   In addition to this scholarship, recipients become members of the “Tillman Community” where they have access to a national network of members and are provided other essential resources including leadership, service and advocacy opportunities. The Foundation chooses University Partners who are proven military-friendly institutions that offer specific support services for service members and their families and have a significant percentage of military enrollments, in addition to other criteria.   Hunter I Riley, Pat Tillman Foundation Director of Programs, recently stated, “By working with partner institutions like Columbia University, who have shown ingenuity in delivering veteran-specific support services, we are able to funnel a ready source of assistance onto a campus which already demonstrates a culture of support for student veterans and military families.” All applications will be submitted through the Pat Tillman Foundation website and then forwarded to the Columbia University selection committee for review.   The committee will then recommend the highest scoring applicants to the Pat Tillman Foundation as potential recipients of the scholarship.   The final selection will then be made by the Pat Tillman Foundation. For more information about the application process and to view the application questions now, please visit the Pat Tillman Foundation website www.pattillmanfoundation.org.   The information is listed under the Tillman Military Scholars tab.   The full application for the 2011/2012 academic year will be available on March 7, 2011. The application deadline for filing is April 8, 2011.

Omnivores Examples

Omnivores Examples Omnivores Omnivores are named due to the Latin prefix omni, which means "all." For lack of a more descriptive qualifier, it means omnivores eat everything! Of course, that's not completely accurate, but it does mean an animal that eats both plant matter and flesh. The difficulty in classifying an animal as an omnivore has a number of facets. First, many animal species have different periods of development when it will transition from eating one type of product to another. For example, a cow will drink milk (an animal product) while it is a calf, but then transition to grass and grain once it weans. Many insects also ingest flesh products as larva, then live on plant matter once they mature. Another classification issue in labeling the type of diet is that there are species in which the males eat one source and the females eat another, such as some common mosquitoes in which the male eats plant matter and the females drink animal blood to acquire the nutrients necessary to reproduce. Opportunistic feeding is another problem when trying to classify animals according to their diets as either omnivore, herbivore, or carnivore, as most species will eat what their environments provide. In times of lower availability, even obligate carnivores like cats will eat grains and plants, while omnivores will often have to stick to either plants or animals during different times of the year when one food source is less plentiful. Examples of Omnivores: 1. Bears Within the bear family, there are different species of bears that are either obligate carnivores (strictly meat eaters) or omnivores. Polar bears, for example, live on a diet of strictly meat sources, possibly due to the scarcity of vegetation in their environments. Other bears, such as grizzly bears or brown bears, still eat meat and fish sources but also live on berries, plants, and vegetation. 2. Humans While humans can make the personal decision for health, political, or spiritual reasons to become a vegetarian (eating only plant matter and animal byproducts like eggs or milk) or a vegan (no meat sources or animal products), their purposeful decision is not a physiological requirement. Human bodies are still built to ingest and absorb nutrients from both plant sources and animal sources, regardless of what individuals choose to consume. 3. Birds Birds present an interesting twist in classifying them as omnivores, herbivores, or carnivores. As it turns out, birds that live on seeds and grains as adults often consume insects as newly hatched birds; even adult members of the species that feed themselves on plant matter will often feed their offspring insects. Nectar-feeding birds such as those that draw nutrients from flowers and fruits will actually consume the ants and other insects that are hidden inside the flower, drawing nutrition from these animal sources.

Health Issues Of The New Zealand Essay - 1726 Words

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Race And Ethnicity Biological And Sociological Factors

Race and Ethnicity both relate to biological and sociological factors respectively, and even though they can overlap, they are distinct. The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics (which usually result from genetic ancestry). Race presumes shared biological or genetic traits, whether actual or asserted and the category to which others assign individuals on the basis of physical characteristics. Races are assumed to be distinguished by skin color, eye color or hair type. However, the scientific studies based on racial distinctions show that racial genetic differences are very weak except in skin color (National Association of Social Workers, 2015). Ethnicity, however, refers to cultural factors including nationality, regional culture, ancestry, heritage, religion, customs and language. It refers to the origin of one s ancestors for example Black or African-American originated in Africa, White or Caucasian originated in European countries, Asian originated in Asia; Hispanic originated in Latin American and so on. An ethnic group or ethnicity is a population group whose members identify with each other on the basis of common nationality or shared cultural traditions so one has to conform to certain practices in order to be considered as belonging to a certain ethnic group. Ethnic identity is reflective of cultural practices as well as the acquisition and maintenance ofShow MoreRelatedRace And Ethnicity : Biological And Sociological Factors957 Words   |  4 PagesRace and Ethnicity both relates to biological and sociological factors respectively and even though they can overlap, they are distinct. 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Sleep Is The Body s Way Of Cleansing - 1556 Words

Sleep is essential; every living things needs sleep. Sleep is the body s way of cleansing itself; without it our bodies could not function. Sleep has multiple health benefits effecting every aspect of our lives; sleep is so essential for the body that humans spend 1/3 of their lives asleep. Humans have been fascinated with sleep throughout history; several early scientist like Aristotle in 350 CE who formed a hypothesis that sleep was a form of physical renewal (Borel, 2014). Humans know little about sleep and see it as a inconvenience, we take sleep for granted and the repercussion of not getting enough sleep is not healthy. Sleep deprivation impacts ones overall health by contributing to multiple primary biological functions. Every†¦show more content†¦During the light sleep stage the eyes stop moving completely and the heart rate and breathing rate decrease causing body temperatures to drop. During this stage the brain starts sending out k-complexes, which help by blockin g out outside noises and are essential to entering the next stage (Borel, 2014). During deep sleep the brain produces oscillating electrical signals, these help the bodies muscles relax causing blood pressure to drop (Stickgold, 2015). Deep sleep is the stage in which the body goes through the most physical restorative phrase (Borel, 2014). During deep sleep tissue growth and repairing occurs, and the brain release growth hormones that helps develop muscles (Whats Happens, 2015). During deep sleep the body is in its most vulnerable state while the brain retains memories from throughout the day. Without sleep our brains could not process information and clear space for new memories (Stanley, 2015). The changes in the brain as it ages are associated with decrease in deep sleep, this creates a problem for the brain because it becomes harder to retain memory (Borel, 2014). Sleep is essential to many of the bodies biological functions, Dr. James Maas says the knowledge about sleep, just like knowledge about nutrition and exercise, is essential to your life, for happiness, productivity, and general health ( Maas, James). They re multiple health benefits that the body endure while asleep that are essential

Essay on The Great Gatsby Research Report - 1248 Words

I. Introduction In 1896 F. Scott Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. After growing up in Minnesota he moved to start a career and marry Zelda, the girl he loved. He published his first novel, This Side of Paradise, in 1920; the novel was a success and Fitzgerald quickly became one of the most famous young writers of the time. â€Å"F. Scott Fitzgerald eagerly embraced his newly minted celebrity status and embarked on an extravagant lifestyle that earned him a reputation as a playboy and hindered his reputation as a serious literary writer†(F. Scott Fitzgerald Biography 2). The parties thrown by Jay in The Great Gatsby reflect Fitzgerald’s extravagant lifestyle. Excessive amounts of drinking, large crowds, parties lasting long†¦show more content†¦Myrtle is an arrogant, plump woman that secretly visits with Tom without letting her husband George know. George Wilson owns a car repair shop in the Valley of Ashes. He is friends with Tom Buchanan and obliviously al lows his wife to see Tom when they go into New York City. Jay Gatsby lives across the bay from the Buchanan’s on the West Egg. Many stories surround his life and past, and the stories are all elaborate and unbelievable. Gatsby is an ambitious but lonely man, living alone in his large mansion. Jordan Baker is a friend of Gatsby and the Buchanan’s. She golfs professionally and acts much more seriously than her friend Daisy. III. Themes The American Dream plays a large role in how characters in The Great Gatsby go about their lives. During the 1920’s, the promise of a wealthy and carefree life in America tempted everyone. Very few actually lived the American Dream, but those living on the West and East Eggs were some of them. â€Å"The American dream comes true for just 1%: for the other 99%, only discontent and bitterness await, resentment on a mass scale†(Churchwell). 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Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique Free Essays

Joseph Lister’s Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique Kundhavaidevi Balamurugan AH 9 Block 13-3-2018 It was October 26, 1877 in King’s College and a boy had fractured his patella, or kneecap. A few decades ago doctors would have deemed his case of hopeless, advising him to amputate. But it was 1877– the height of surgical advancements!– and there was an alternative option– wiring his patella was proposed. We will write a custom essay sample on Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wiring his patella entailed a deliberate conversion of a simple fracture into a compound fracture, which were often associated with infection and even death. The procedure itself was deemed preposterous by the public and other medical professionals, receiving harsh criticism. The boy would surely die of infection. But his doctor remained confident in his procedure. The doctor had invented antiseptic technique, which would prevent contamination of the surgical equipment and infection of the wound. He used carbolic acid to create antiseptic conditions to perform the surgery. The conditions made the surgery was a success! The surgeon to perform this controversial surgery was Joseph Lister, an innovative and influential surgeon. His creation of antiseptic treatment, based off of germ theory, was the influential innovation surgical history. It had revolutionized surgery, allowing complex surgeries to be performed, lowering mortality rates and increasing the safety of procedures. Joseph Lister, Baron Lister of Lyme Regis was born on April 5, 1827 in Upton, Essex, England. He was the son of Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabelle Harris. Both his father and his mother took an active part in his education, teaching him natural history and how to use a microscope. He received formal schooling in two Quaker schools which emphasized science and natural history. By age 16, Joseph Lister decided he wanted to pursue a career in the medical field-specifically to become a surgeon. He attended the University College in London and became House Surgeon at University College Hospital in 1856, after receiving a Bachelor of Honors with Medicine in October 1852. He got his fellowship in Royal College of Surgeons and studied under James Syme, a renowned surgeon in Edinburgh. He later becomes Syme’s son-in-law after marrying his daughter, Agnes Syme.In his early years as a surgeon, he researched inflammation, which was considered a specific disease at the time. He studied the microscopic healing of wounds, specifically the mechanism of coagulation of blood and blood vessels during the first stages of inflammation. This served as a background to his work in wound dressing and his development of antiseptic treatment.He worked as a dresser for Sir Erichsen, a physician that believed that wounds become infected due to bad air. The miasma theory claimed that concentrated bad air can infect the wound. But in dressing the wounds, he had realized that when wounds were cleaned, some had healed. Early in his career he had not believed in miasma, a popular theory of the time in the medical field.He was appointed Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow at the age of 33, in August 1861. Though he was a professor, he did not attain Glasgow Royal Infirmary privileges till a year later, his request initially denied. He became in charge of the Male Accident Ward, a new surgical block.Many patients in the Male Accident Ward suffered compound fractures, which was commonly treated with amputation. Lister observed that 45 to 50 percent of amputation patients died from sepsis between 1861 and 1865. Later he read Louis Pasteur’s paper on germ theory, a theory that stated microorganisms cause infection. Lister hypothesized that the same process that caused fermentation was also involved in wound sepsis. He postulated that sepsis was caused by pollen-like dust. He believed the only mode of contamination was by air. To disinfect wounds, he applied carbolic acid, which was commonly used to disinfect sewage at the time. He sprayed carbolic acid in the air, onto the equipment, and onto the wound to disinfect and prevent infection or contamination. He used this method on the the patients of his ward for several years. Using phenol as an antiseptic reduced the mortality rate of the Male Accident Ward to 15 percent in 4 years.His practice was very different than of his peers. Others in the medical field did not wash bed linens and lab coats, using the same equipment for patients.They had believed that infection and contamination was caused by â€Å"bad air, as the miasma theory entailed, and hence did not see the reason for sterile equipment and techniques. As a result when he published two papers on antiseptic technique on the Lancet in March and July 1967, his colleagues criticized his methods. The source of doubt was because the microorganisms were not visible to the naked eye, and hence did not exist. His work was misunderstood and his colleagues demanded proof. He altered the administration of the carbolic acid, spraying it now with a machine he called a donkey engine. The donkey engine increased efficiency of the application of carbolic acid. He increasingly used this method on surgeries and the results were positive. Patients approved of his methods. Germany, the United States, and eventually Great Britain accepted and adopted his approach to antiseptic technique. In 1871, he operated on Queen Victoria, who had a large abscess on her armpit. Lister lanced the abscess with a sharp tool, drained the pus, dressed the wound, and treated it with carbolic acid. The queen approved of Lister’s methods involving carbolic acid. This nod of approval from the queen of the United Kingdom encouraged his peers in the medical field to accept antiseptic technique. Though his technique was not accepted during a majority of his lifetime, antiseptic treatment revolutionized surgical procedures. Infection and contamination of the wounds was less common. Surgery was no longer dangerous, lowering mortality rates and increasing success rates. It is quite a feat to dispute a widely popular medical theory and to continue practicing though his colleagues ridiculed his technique. He was creative, too, using phenol, a carbolic acid used to disinfect sewage, to dress wounds. His work revolutionized medicine, a field that is slow to change. Though his techniques are no longer used, it served as the gateway to develop better antiseptic and aseptic techniques. His ability to be nonconformist to popular belief and create antiseptic technique was the most innovative occurence of the 20th century.10 Intriguing Facts About Joseph Lister. (2017, September 12). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://mentalfloss.com/article/503311/10-intriguing-facts-about-joseph-lister Science Museum. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/josephlister Pitt, D., ; Aubin, J. (2012, October). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468637/ Cartwright, F. F. (2017, November 16). Joseph Lister. Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/ Joseph-Lister-Baron-Lister-of-Lyme-RegisFulton, A. (2017, October 13). ‘The Butchering Art’: How A 19th Century Physician Made Surgery Safer. Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/13/557367840/the-butchering-art-how-a-19th-century-physician-made-surgery-safer How to cite Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique, Papers Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique Free Essays Joseph Lister’s Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique Kundhavaidevi BalamuruganAH 9 Block 13-3-2018 It was October 26, 1877, in King’s College and a boy had fractured his patella, also known as a kneecap. A few decades ago doctors would have deemed his case of hopeless, advising him to amputate. It was 1877 though– the height of surgical advancements!– and there was an alternative option– wiring his patella was proposed. We will write a custom essay sample on Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wiring his patella required converting a simple fracture into a compound fracture deliberately, which was often associated with infection and even death (Cartwright, 2017). The procedure itself was deemed preposterous by the public and other medical professionals, receiving harsh criticism. The boy would surely die of infection. His doctor, however, remained confident in his procedure. The doctor had invented antiseptic technique, which would prevent contamination of the surgical equipment and infection of the wound. He used carbolic acid to create antiseptic conditions to perform the surgery. The conditions made the surgery was a success! The surgeon to perform this controversial surgery was Joseph Lister, an innovative and influential surgeon. His creation of antiseptic treatment, based off of germ theory, was the most influential innovation in surgical history. It had revolutionized surgery, allowing complex surgeries to be performed, lowering mortality rates and increasing the safety of procedures.Joseph Lister, Baron Lister of Lyme Regis was born on April 5, 1827, in Upton, Essex, England. He was the son of Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabelle Harris. Both his father and his mother took an active part in his education, teaching him how to use a microscope (Mental Floss, 2017). He received formal schooling in two Quaker schools which further emphasized science and natural history. By age 16, Joseph Lister decided he wanted to pursue a career in the medical field, specifically to become a surgeon. He attended the University College in London and became House Surgeon at University College Hospital in 1856, after receiving a Bachelor of Honors in Medicine in October 1852. He got his fellowship in Royal College of Surgeons and studied under James Syme, a renowned surgeon in Edinburgh. He later became Syme’s son-in-law after marrying his daughter, Agnes Syme. On their honeymoon, Lister and his wife visited French and German institutes that inspired Agnes Lister to become Joseph Lister’s laboratory assistant. In Lister’s early years as a surgeon, he researched inflammation, which was considered a specific disease at the time. He studied the microscopic healing of wounds, specifically the â€Å"mechanism of coagulation of blood and blood vessels during the first stages of inflammation† (Cartwright, 2017). This served as a background to his work in wound dressing and his development of antiseptic treatment.He worked as a dresser for Sir Erichsen, a physician that believed that wounds become infected due to bad air. The miasma theory, which was popular at the time, claimed that concentrated bad air can infect the wound. At the time, miasma was thought to be the cause of spread of disease and infection. The origins of the miasma theory can be traced back to ancient China and Europe. Miasma is comparable to smoke, mist, or fog: air can carry miasma. Air carrying miasma was considered contaminated. The cause of miasma varied– some believed it was from moisture and heat while others thought it originated from rotting organic matter like dead insects. Early in his career, he had not believed in miasma. In dressing the wounds, Lister had realized that when wounds were cleaned, some had healed. He reasoned that if some wounds could be healed, it was highly unlikely that the â€Å"bad air† was the cause of disease and infection.Lister’s first major surgery was on a woman named Julia Sullivan. Her drunk husband had stabbed her abdomen on a night out and her intestines were exposed. The injury had caused her to pass out. Joseph Lister was the only one present at the facility due to the odd hours (it was early in the morning). At this point of his career, he became house surgeon to Sir Erichsen when Lister’s predecessor stepped down. He had only been in this position for a month when this incident occurred. He cleaned the wound with warm water, extended the cut on the abdomen, sutured the intestines, then sutured the abdomen with a single thread as opposed to multiple threads (Richardson ; Rhodes, 2013). This surgery was controversial at the time but it was effective. This manner of surgery is consistent throughout his career: unconventional, controversial, yet effective.He was appointed Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow at the age of 33, in August 1861. Though he was a professor, he did not attain Glasgow Royal Infirmary privileges until a year later, his request initially denied. He became in charge of the Male Accident Ward, a new surgical block at the infirmary(Pitt ; Aubin, 2012).Many patients in the Male Accident Ward suffered compound fractures, which was commonly treated with amputation. Lister observed that 45 to 50 percent of amputation patients died from sepsis between 1861 and 1865. Later he read Louis Pasteur’s paper on the germ theory, a theory that stated microorganisms cause infection, as opposed to bad air as proposed by the miasma theory that was popular at the time. Lister hypothesized that the â€Å"same process that caused fermentation was also involved in wound sepsis†. He postulated that sepsis was caused by â€Å"pollen-like dust† (Cartwright, 2017) . He believed the only mode of contamination was by air. To disinfect wounds, he applied carbolic acid, which was commonly used to disinfect sewage at the time. He sprayed carbolic acid in the air, onto the equipment, and onto the wound to disinfect and prevent infection or contamination. He used this method on the patients of his ward for several years. The results of his technique was positive. Using phenol as an antiseptic reduced the mortality rate of the Male Accident Ward to 15 percent in 4 years.His practice was very different than of his peers. Others in the medical field did not wash bed linens and lab coats, using the same equipment for patients.They had believed that infection and contamination were caused by â€Å"bad air†, as the miasma theory entailed, and hence did not see the reason for sterile equipment and techniques. As a result, when he published two papers on antiseptic technique on the Lancet in March and July 1967, his colleagues criticized his methods. The source of doubt was because the microorganisms were not visible to the naked eye. If they were not visible, they did not exist. His work was misunderstood and his colleagues demanded proof of his technique being effective (Cartwright, 2017). He altered the administration of the carbolic acid, spraying it now with a machine he called a donkey engine. The donkey engine increased the efficiency of the application of carbolic acid. He increasingly used this method on surgeries and the results were positive. Patients approved of his methods. Germany, the United States, and eventually Great Britain accepted and adopted his approach to antiseptic technique. In 1871, he operated on Queen Victoria, who had a large abscess on her armpit. Lister lanced the abscess with a sharp tool, drained the pus, dressed the wound, and treated it with carbolic acid (Fulton, 2017). The Queen approved of Lister’s methods involving carbolic acid. This nod of approval from the Queen of the United Kingdom encouraged his peers in the medical field to accept antiseptic technique. Though his technique was not accepted during a majority of his lifetime, antiseptic treatment revolutionized surgical procedures. Infection and contamination of the wounds were less common. Surgery was no longer dangerous, lowering mortality rates and increasing success rates. It is quite a feat to dispute a widely popular medical theory and to continue practicing though his colleagues ridiculed his technique. He was creative, too, using phenol, a carbolic acid used to disinfect sewage, to dress wounds. His work revolutionized medicine, a field that is slow to change. His work in antiseptic technique inspired the brand Listerine to name themselves after Joseph Lister. Though his techniques are no longer used, it served as the gateway to developing better antiseptic and aseptic techniques. His ideas and approach to antiseptic technique influence our culture and our behavior from our cleansing our mouths with mouthwash in the morning to disinfecting our clothing to using Bactine to disinfect cuts and minor open wounds. His ability to be nonconformist to popular belief and create antiseptic technique was the most innovative occurrence of the 20th century.10 Intriguing Facts About Joseph Lister. (2017, September  12). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://mentalfloss.com/article/503311/10-intriguing-facts-about-joseph-listerCartwright, F. F. (2017, November 16). Joseph Lister. Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Lister-Baron-Lister-of-Lyme-RegisFulton, A. (2017, October 13). ‘The Butchering Art’: How A 19th Century Physician Made Surgery Safer. Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/13/557367840/the-butchering-art-how-a-19th-century-physician-made-surgery-saferPitt, D., ; Aubin, J. (2012, October). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468637/Richardson, R., ; Rhodes, B. (2013, December 20). Retrieved March 1, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3826195/Science Museum. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/josephlister How to cite Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique, Papers

Food Marketing Plan Advertisement

Question: Discuss about the Food Marketing Plan Advertisement. Answer: Introduction There is no such desert in the market that appeals to the adult. Whenever, someone thinks of deserts, it is considered to be for the children. However, the adults do also love to eat deserts. To meet the expectation of the adult and to offer them the kind of desert that the adults would love to eat, a new desert has been launched. The desert is named Panama Choco-Berry Desert. This is a hand-made chocolate that has a special flavor of berry that can be customized as per the choice of the customers. The customers can choose different variety of berries such as black berry, blue berry or strawberry depending upon the taste and preference. In this report, the complete marketing strategy of the product launch has been discussed and further, it has also been mention how this desert is different from the others that are available in the market. Distribution for the product launch has been given to best retail companies such as Woolworths and Coles. The report has been based on the consumer behavior and the market mix. The report presents the specification about the products and the targeted market. Further it highlights the packaging and labelling of the product and the POP strategy adopted for the product launch. Product Specification The product is a hand-made desert made by keeping in mind the taste and preferences of the adult people. Panama Choco-Berry Desert is a special desert as it is made instantly after the order is placed by the customer in less than 5 minutes and customized as per the requirement of the customers. The berry flavor can be modified by choosing the preferred berry and also the desert can be eaten hot or cold. This special customization makes it a special desert that can easily be loved by any adult, Target Market It is evident that while preparing the desert, people keep in mind the preferences of children as they are the ones that are fonder of deserts and chocolates. There are no such deserts available for the adults in the market and thus the product would mainly attract and target the adults as the concept of the product has been developed based on their preferences and taste of. The product distribution has been given to big retail companies such as Woolworths and Coles as the aim is to reach the maximum adults in all the places especially in Australia. Marketing Mix The four Ps of marketing mix plan of the product has been explained below: Products The intangible attributes of the product is its ability to meet the customers need and expectation. The product gives satisfaction to the adult of enjoying the type of desert that is made to fulfill their needs. The special feature of the product is the concept of live desert making with customized flavor that would make the people happier. Price The product is premium in quality as it has premium features like customized flavors and live baking, and also, the product has been launched in the market through the leading retailers in Australia such as Woolworths and Coles. This is reflected in the price of the product as the price is a premium price since it is the only desert that are meant for the adult. Distribution The product distribution is given to Woolworths and Coles. Each of them have been provided with the ready to make packages of the desert that takes less than 5 minutes and can easily be combined with the desired berry flavor. Woolworths and Coles, being the leading retailers would definitely be an easy place for the customers to reach the product. Promotion There were deserts but they were for the children but this one is for the adults. Promotion is done extensively so that it could reach the people that this product, unlike other deserts, is meant especially for the adults. The promotion is done through advertisement in newspapers, televisions, big hoarding, and banners in retail shops. Incorporation of appropriate strategies to interrupt routine behaviour at point of sale When a new product launches the main problem it faces is consumer behaviour. The main task of marketing lies here. Since the consumers are habituated of earlier available deserts as well as in a view that desserts are not for adults, it will be really difficult to change the way they perceive things (Solomon 2014). The first step shall be to know how and on what basis shall consumers make decision to get a dessert or not, A group shall be formed to study those decision making process so as to focus on touch points. Tools both web based and over the phone shall be developed to record feedbacks of customers. Social media chatter will also be continuously monitored as they have become an integral part of human life. All the reviews and recommendation gained will be studied extensively to understand consumers and the market. Also all reviews shall be replied by the proper team. PR and Loyalty programmes will be introduced to influence consumer decision making. Development of an effective branding strategy: Positioning a brand with the changing tastes and preferences of customers is crucial for sustainability and long lasting impact on the truest factor of any product (Govers and Go 2016). A chocolate company needs to develop newer flavours with lower calorie levels in order to keep its loyal clientele base intact and also for spreading its business in new territories and target new customers. In view of emergence of different companies with their innovative products, established brands have their task cut out to produce better quality and attractive flavours to entice customers (Rosenbaum-Elliott et al. 2015). Development of an effective branding strategy calls for several factors to be implemented by a company in order to realize its goals and objectives in an effective manner. These factors are: Innovative flavours: Innovative flavoured chocolates drive the growth quotient of the company, which are mainly targeted towards a new clientele base, especially the adult market portfolio. Ever since chocolate companies started developing their products for commercial purposes, they did not use to distinguish between youth and adult segments as separate target segments as chocolate was liked by everybody, irrespective of diversity in terms of age, profile, race or religion (Park, MacInnis and Eisingerich 2016). Now-a-days, companies are more focused on producing flavours which has an adult flair in it like alcohol, bacon or cookie dough. Healthy products: Considering the fact that these days consumers are becoming more and more health conscious, chocolate companies are cashing in on the health benefits of its customers by producing dark chocolates which have high levels of flavonoids which is considered good for the heart. These chocolates have anti-inflammatory properties which augur well for its targeted customers and thus they position their branding strategy accordingly. More access: Increased accessibility is a critical factor while building a brand strategy targeted towards the adult segment. They try to position their products in such a manner that they are clearly and easily visible by the customers and entice them in purchasing the same (Hayran and Grhan-Canli 2016). Since adult chocolates are mainly of premium variety, they are stocked at departmental stores and high end retail outlets, thereby tapping a niche segment of customers, who prefer to have these brands more compared to the regular ones, which also garner high volumes from regular customers. Lesser price for lesser size: Some makers of premium chocolate are driving the growth of their company by building certain brands which are smaller versions of their parent ones. The purpose of positioning these brands in this way is to generate the initial interest in it and gradually increase the size and price of these brands as more number of customers start purchasing the same with their increase in income factor (Young 2014). Special indulgence: This factor drives the growth potential of the companies through campaigns like chocolate is a gift for someone else including the person who gifts it. Resorting to this slogan increases its brand visibility in the minds of adult consumers, thereby doing away with the guilt quotient. Packaging and labeling: Incorporation of appropriate strategies with regard to packaging and labeling holds a significant role in realizing broader goals and objectives of a chocolate manufacturer. Successful implementation of the same is achieved through careful planning and analysis of the trends of consumers in terms of tastes and preferences, income level and health factor among others (Norton, Fryer and Parkinson 2013). It is very important for the manufacturers of chocolates in both Australia and New Zealand to abide by the stricter rules and regulations pertaining to packaging and labeling of ingredients. According to the rule, the list of ingredients should be placed and marked in descending order, starting with the manufacturing stage and ending with the final packaging stage (Skaczkowski et al. 2016). The ingredient which constitutes the highest proportion among all shall be listed on the top of the pack, followed by those which have lesser proportions compared to the first one (Rundh and Rundh 2016). There are certain exceptions with respect to certain ingredients like added water, which sometimes loses its volume due to evaporation. It can be discounted for listing on the product pack provided it constitutes less than 5% of the end product or if it is used for reconfiguration of ingredients which get dehydrated (Degenhardt 2015). Since chocolate is a compound ingredient, as most of the food products are, all the ingredients must be listed chronologically like the proportion of cocoa, sugar, water, color compounds, eggs and others. Since most packaged foods have to adhere to the rules and obligations of proper labeling, comparison becomes easier for the consumers. For example, strawberries would be listed in percentage terms with regard to a compound like strawberry yoghurt. Similarly, for chocolates, percentage of cocoa is mentioned on the packaged food. POP strategy: POP (point of purchase) strategy is all about product advertising in a unique way through displays and pop advertising, promotion of customer benefits to suit their preferences and assisting them while the same is being purchased (Hunt 2014). It is represented by time and place of the elements of sale that are product, price, money and consumer. Varying diversity of communication vehicle boosts the competing factors of the manufacturing firms so that there remains no confusion and ambiguity (Norton, Fryer and Parkinson 2013). Innovative methodologies have been incorporated in several products and chocolate industry is one, where its effectiveness is vast considering its instant gratification power. Positioning of gums and candies are crucial because they contribute a significant percentage to the overall sales of a firm. Similarly, medium priced and premium priced products are positioned differently with regard to its pop strategy. They need to be projected in a different manner so as to target its intended customers who are ready to pay the premium (Young 2014). Social media is a popular tool for promoting premium brands where consumers have the option of openly endorsing the brand and spread its popularity among their friends and communities. Conclusion The main aim of the report is to develop an effective marketing strategy for Panama Choco-Berry Desert. The promotion of a new product depends on the effective implementation of a well-constructed marketing strategy. Panama Choco-Berry Desert is superior quality of hand-made desert that is made and delivered as per the order. The price of the product is high as it is a premium quality of product for the adults. On the other hand, the responsibility for distributing the product is given to Woolworths and Coles as they are the leading supermarket chain. The promotional activity will be done effectively as it is a new product ands hence, it needs more awareness. Due to be a brand new product, an effective branding strategy is taken into consideration to make the people aware about the new product. To make the product popular, innovative taste is added with healthy features in the product. On the other hand, the labeling and packaging needs to be done in such a way that the product becom es attractive to the customer. Hence, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that the success of a new product in the market depends on the development and implementation of effective marketing strategy. References: Degenhardt, C., 2015. Serving size and packaging cues: Mixed messages?.Food Australia,67(3), p.28. Govers, R. and Go, F., 2016.Place branding: Glocal, virtual and physical identities, constructed, imagined and experienced. Springer. Hayran, C. and Grhan-Canli, Z., 2016. Brand extensions.The Routledge Companion to Contemporary Brand Management, p.136. Hunt, S.D., 2014.Marketing Theory: Foundations, Controversy, Strategy, and Resource-advantage Theory. Routledge. Norton, J.E., Fryer, P.J. and Parkinson, J.A., 2013. The effect of reduced-fat labelling on chocolate expectations.Food Quality and Preference,28(1), pp.101-105. Park, C.W., MacInnis, D.J. and Eisingerich, A.B., 2016. Brand architecture design and brand naming decisions.The Routledge Companion to Contemporary Brand Management, p.109. Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Elliott, R.H., Percy, L. and Pervan, S., 2015.Strategic brand management. Oxford University Press, USA. Rundh, B. and Rundh, B., 2016. The role of packaging within marketing and value creation.British Food Journal,118(10), pp.2491-2511. Skaczkowski, G., Durkin, S., Kashima, Y. and Wakefield, M., 2016. The effect of packaging, branding and labeling on the experience of unhealthy food and drink: A review.Appetite,99, pp.219-234. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Tonkin, E., Coveney, J., Meyer, S.B., Wilson, A.M. and Webb, T., 2016. Managing uncertainty about food risksConsumer use of food labelling.Appetite,107, pp.242-252. Young, A., 2014.Brand media strategy: integrated communications planning in the digital era. Springer.